I don't understand what you mean on the first half... What do you mean by "the risks of infection are low and can be avoided by proper washing..."
That was a summation of the Mayo clinic's perspective on circumcision. In other words, the harm you attempt to avoid with it is slight and easily avoided. I.e. the treatment is unnecessary.
Lidocaine has a rather short half-life (around 1.5-2 hours per my pharmacology information). So the infant will feel some discomfort, however it is no different if you had a tooth pulled or had to have surgery (prayerfully you haven't had to experience either). And lidocaine only temporarily numbs the nerves and all the nerves down from where the medicine is injected. It doesn't cause any nerves to grow.
Which is my point, Lidocaine can't possibly ameliorate the harm and suffering caused by circumcision. You realize people develop phobias about dentists right? And not for no reason. It strains credulity to think that cutting off the nerves on a penis won't have similar long lasting harmful effects to some boys.
the rule of thumb is to try and find articles that are anywhere from 5 to 10 years when looking things up. Any farther than that has a very high probability of being updated and/or erroneous because of the new information.
Wow, science must be really poor then to have such a recent expiration date.
Male circumcision does not appear to adversely affect penile sexual function/sensitivity or sexual satisfaction.
That's the me or your lying eyes moment for science; it strains basic logic. And it's not even true 'scientifically'. Oh wait, that's 9 years old, must be wrong.
(HIV, HPV, and cervical cancer caused by HPV) rather differently. These diseases only spread through promiscuity,
Worse than that, HPV infections often are removed by the immune system. It turning cancerous is a symptom of poor immune function.